Crystal Grade Type 8 Retro Reflective Tape by Nikkalite

Crystal Grade Reflective Sheeting – available at www.signsheeting.com

Crystal Grade (CRG) is Nikkalite’s brightest film.  It is a very bright and very tough Type 8 film.  Characterized by a modified octagon pattern.  This is an acrylic based film that uses air backed prismatic technology for reflection.  10 year outdoor life.  Comparable to diamond grade material.

The values shown below are average typical values determined by our own measurement method using the entrance angle and with the arrow marks of the CW types indicating the directions parallel to the observation angle.

(cd/lux/m2)
CW Type
802
804
805
806
808
847
Obsrv Angle
Ent.
Angle
Wht
Ylw
Red
Blue
Grn
Fl Orng
0.2
-4/5°
700
525
105
42
70
210
30°
325
245
49
20
33
95
0.5
-4/5°
250
190
38
15
25
75
30°
115
86
17
7
12
35

Brightness after ink printing and affixing overlay films

When Nikkalite® inks or the PA100 series overlay films are applied to the white sheets of CRG 92002, the reflection performance of the corresponding colors at an observation angle of 0.2 degrees and an entrance angle -4 or 5 degrees can be expected to be greater than 70% of the values shown in Table 2.

Crystal Grade is “Super High Intensity” microprismatic sheeting, meeting the requirements of ASTM D 4956, Type VIII. Crystal Grade has the highest retro-reflectivity characteristics at long and medium road distances. This product is ideal for highway signing, construction zone devices, and delineators.

Crystal Grade uses micro-prisms for efficient retro-reflectivity. In the case of a prism-type reflection element, the light reflects s efficiently without diminishing, as the three reflection planes that constitute the element and are positioned at right angles in relation to each other, completely reflect within the element. As the specialty prisms designed to provide optimum reflection are densely arranged within the sheeting, excellent brightness characteristics and wide-angle reflection can be obtained. The traffic signs and traffic safety devices made of the reflective sheeting provide far better visibility and withstand a longer service period compared with those that utilize glass beads

Best Color Reflective Tape for Day and Night Visibility

Best Reflective Tape Colors for Reducing Accidents Involving Vehicles (www.tapedealer.com)

Accidents involving vehicles are one of the leading causes of death due to injury in the United States and around the world. (source – NHTSA) In most cases, these accidents are the unfortunate result of one driver not seeing another automobile, pedestrian, bike rider or motorcyclist in time to stop or avoid hitting them. Simply put, increasing visibility day and night increases reaction time which in turn substantially reduces the number of injuries and fatalities. Brightly colored reflective tape is the main method of increasing visibility day and night.

fluorescent lime and orange reflective
Fluorescent Lime and Fluorescent Orange

There are two choices when selecting a reflective tape, glass bead or prismatic.  Roadway applications require a tape that can be seen from long distances and prismatic reflective tapes in bright colors can be seen much farther than standard glass bead reflective tapes. (Thousands of feet instead of hundreds.) The colors below represent the most visible day and night.

  • V98 Prismatic Fluorescent Lime (Great by itself or combined with other colors. Shows up well against darker backgrounds.)
  • V98 Prismatic Fluorescent Orange (Great by itself or combined with other colors. Shows up well against lighter colors.)
  • Prismatic Red (Good when combined with a lighter color like yellow or white.)
  • Prismatic Standard Yellow (Good when combined with a darker color like red or orange.)
  • Prismatic Standard Orange (Good when combined with a lighter color like yellow or white.)
  • Prismatic Standard Blue (Good combined with a lighter color.)

(Prismatic red is available in V82, V92 or V98. Prismatic standard yellow is available in our V82 product line.  Prismatic standard orange is available in our V92 and our V82 line.)

best colors for night time visibility

allv92
Orange and School Bus Yellow (bottom left)

orange_v921

These colors can be combined to create contrasting areas of reflective tape or used alone. Combining colors can greatly increase the visibility of a vehicle. A battenburg or chevron panel is very effective.

If you choose to use a single color a Fluorescent Lime is recommended on a darker background and a Fluorescent Orange is recommended on a lighter background. I prefer the Reflexite V98 conformable prismatic over all other tapes because of its flexibility, durability and brightness.

For more information or to purchase go to www.tapedealer.com .

Reflective Tape for School Bus Marking FMVSS 131 217

FMVSS 131 & 217 School Bus Reflective Tape Requirements – Online Reflective Tape Store

school bus reflective tapeVirtually all states mandate reflective markings on school buses.  Regulations concerning reflective tape are normally found within the regulation that deals with the rest of the bus as well.  (ie exits, seats, seatbelts, fire extinguishers, etc.)

Marking generally involves 2 inch prismatic reflective striping in a school bus yellow color down sides of the vehicle.  Also, 1 inch striping around exits.  A summary of the federal exit marking regulation is below.

FMVSS 131 & FMVSS 217

School Bus Regulation:

Each opening for a required emergency exit shall be outlined around its outside perimeter with a retroreflective tape with a minimum width of 2.5 centimeters and either red, white, or yellow in color, that when tested under the conditions specified in S6.1 of Standard No. 131 (49 CFR 571.131), meets the criteria specified.

  • 1″ strip used to mark side emergency exit windows
  • 1″ strip used to mark back emergency exit windows

school bus back markings reflective tapeschool bus side marking reflective

Private buses are not as regulated as school buses.  However, the same type of markings are recommended especially if the bus transports children.

school bus yellow reflective tape

Orafol V98 Conformable versus V92 Daybright Reflective Tape

Orafol V92 versus V98 – (www.tapedealer.com)

Reflexite V98, V92 and V97 prismatic reflective films by Orafol are very similar in appearance but have some distinct differences.  Each have specific characteristics that make it most suitable for certain conditions.  The one you select will depend on your application.  To summarize you would use a V92 film when striping flat areas where high initial tack is needed.  You would use V98 where conformability is needed to go over complex curves.

Brightness

Reflexite V92 prismatic and V98 prismatic tape are about the same brightness. The chart below shows the reflectivity in candelas for the V92 and the V98 is going to be about same or slightly higher.  Note that the chart below shows minimum values.  Actual reflectivity is normally about 35 – 40% higher than the chart.

reflexite orafol v92 reflectivity brightness

Both tapes are very bright and can be seen from over a thousand feet away in many applications.

Conformability

Reflexite V98 and V92 tapes are both metalized polyester films. The V92 film is thin and flexible while the V98 film is engineered to be “conformable” as well as flexible.  Conformable simply means that the film will stretch or give a little.  V92 films are fine for flat surfaces or surfaces without compound curves.  V98 films are designed to perform on flat surfaces as well as surfaces with compound curves.

reflexite v92 v98 conformability

It is important to note that when you install the V98 material you do not want to stretch it like a rubberband and install it.  If you do it will pull back to its original shape.  To take advantage of the V98 materials conformability you would apply it to a surface, warm it with a hair dryer and mold it to compound curves using a soft cloth.

V98 conformability moldable

Adhesive

V92 and V98 films utilize two different types of adhesive.  V92 adhesive grabs immediately and does not want to let go.  It is very strong making the tape great for applications where a high initial tack is needed.  The V98 film uses a repositionable adhesive meaning it is less tacky initially and allows the installer to pull it off an reapply if necessary.  The V98 films gain adhesion over time.  If removal at a later date is necessary, the V98 will come off easier and leave a cleaner surface.

V92 V98 adhesive

Cost

Orafol-Reflexite V92 is less expensive than V98.  If you want a bright and tough yet affordable tape then V92 is the solution.  The V98 is more expensive but if you need a conformable product that is brighter then it is the way to go.

Thickness

Orafol-Reflexite V92 film is very thin.  About .008 of an inch thick.  This is about like a couple of sheets of paper.  For certain applications a thin film is desirable.  V98 is about twice as thick.  This is still very thin but it is thicker than V92.  Reflexite invented prismatic tape and they make it in a single patented layer which is why it is thinner than the competition.  The single layer design also means that V92 and V98 tapes will not delaminate like other films.

Orafol-Reflexite V98 V92 Thickness

Color Comparison

V92 and V98 films look almost identical.  For some colors a slight difference can be seen.

V92 V98 Orafol Reflexite Colors

Note – The V98 Orange that we carry is a Fluorescent Orange.  Our V92 Orange is a standard Orange.  That is why the two colors look different.

Reflective Tape for MUTCD or Corp of Engineer Regulated Gates and Arms

Gate and Gate Arm Tape Requirements – (available here)

In 2009, the Manual for Uniform Traffic Control Devices or MUTCD guide changed the way that gates and gate arms that open onto DOT roads or run along said roads are to be marked.  This change includes all gates, gate arms, draw bridge arms, toll arms and arms at railroad crossings.  Prior to the 2009 change gates and gate arms were not marked in a uniform manner.  For example, railroad crossing arms and draw bridge arms have generally been marked with striped and slanted red and white tape. (normally reflective)  A slanting design indicates that cars are to go to either the right or the left depending on the slant of the tape.  A slant like this //// means to go to the left and a slant like this \\\\ means to go to the right.  The problem is that at draw bridges or train crossing you are just supposed to stop.  That would be no slant like this | | | |.  This may not seem like a big issue to you and I but to the government and the creators of the MUTCD guide it is.  In the world of regulations, everything has to make sense and be uniform.

The tape pictured below is now used on all gates and gate arms across the country. The red and silver (white) sections are equal 16″ lengths and they do not slant.  The tape is a type 5 and requirements are type 2 or better. The gate arm tape can be purchased here.Gate arms on two way roads are required to be marked on both sides.  On one way roads only one side needs to be marked.  For a full article which includes the MUTCD guidelines you can click here.

The Corp of Engineers follow the same guidelines with the addition of two extra areas of yellow reflective tape on both sides of the gate. (see picture below)  We recommend either a school bus yellow V92 material or a high intensity type 3 material for the yellow object markers on both sides of the gate.

At intersections where there is already a stop sign, no additional object markers are required on the gate.  The diagram below shows the different methods of marking gates given their proximity.

Reflective Message / Word Panels for Work Utility Trucks and Vans

Reflective Message Panels – Available at our Online Store

In many situations, it is necessary to make a vehicle or trailer conspicuous and also convey a message.  In other words, sometimes the viewer needs more information about why they need to be cautious around the marked vehicle.  An example of this is a Wide Load sign or a Flammable decal.  The panels we sell come standard in a 6″ x 24″ size.  However, we can do almost any size you need and any message you desire.

The panels are made by overlaying red transparent letters over a prismatic fluorescent lime-yellow background.  The result is a very bright and rugged decal that is applied by simply peeling and sticking it onto a clean, dry surface.  Both the letters and background are highly reflective.  When you want to be seen day and night and also need to send other drivers a message then our reflective message panels are just what you need.

The message panels above and below are reflective and have the advantage of making a vehicle conspicuous and conveying a message.  Both the red letters and lime yellow background are reflective.

Reducing Rear End Collisions – Reflective Tape for Work Vehicles (Part 1)

Reducing Rear End Collisions and Accidents Involving Commercial Vehicles using High Visibility Reflective Materials – Part 1 – (www.chevronpanels.com)

Author – Steven Cole – (contact number and email – 850-934-3157 or steve@reflectivestore.com)

According to the US National Highway Traffic Safety Association, each year in the US there are approximately 5.5 million automobile accidents resulting in over 30,000 fatalities.  About 1/3 of these accidents involve rear end collisions. Rear end collisions occur when a driver does not see a slower or stopped vehicle in front of them in time to stop.

The US Department of Transportation reports that there approximately 400,000 accidents involving “large trucks” (GVWR > 10,000 lbs) each year.  5,000 of these accidents result in fatalities, 109,000 result in some type of bodily injury and all resulted in property damage.  Out of these accidents, rear end collisions result in a higher percentage of injuries, fatalities and property damage. Keep in mind that these number are just for large trucks.

Another fact to consider is that about 50% of fatalities occur in the day and about 50% occur at night indicating that day and night time visibility are equally important.

Commercial businesses with fleets of vehicles, Utility Companies, Police Departments and Emergency Service Organizations all have to deal with the cost and liability of highway accidents involving their vehicles.  These types of vehicles are at higher risk because of their tendency to stop near moving traffic.  As you drive each day you will no doubt come across vehicles that you have to slow down and avoid.  These would be ambulances, school buses, fire trucks, police cars, utility trucks, cable company vehicles, delivery trucks, gas company trucks, oil and fuel trucks, snow plows, garbage trucks and other such vehicles.  Seeing these vehicles early can prevent a collision.

Consider this example. Everyone is familiar with the brown UPS delivery vehicles.  They are everywhere.  Lets say that it is getting dark and you round a curve at 30 mph and there before you is a large brown ups van parked in the road. Since the van is brown it blends in very well with the dark night.  What is it that keeps you from hitting the UPS vehicle?  Now lets say you round the same corner and see the same truck but with bright yellow and red alternating stripes marking the rear of the vehicle.  You will now see that vehicle and be able to slow down in time to avoid a collision. The point is, visibility is important.

When tasked with making a fleet of vehicles more visible day and night, there are several factors to consider.  These are –

The colors of the material to be used.
The Intensity or brightness if Reflective material is used.
The Configuration of the tape or panel. (Chevron,Non Slanting,Message, etc..)
The Placement of the material on the vehicle. (location – rear, sides, front)

Part 1 – Introduction – Improving the Visibility of Vehicles
Part 2 – Choosing Colors, Intensity, Contrast
Part 3 – Selecting the Type, Size and Placement

Reducing Rear End Crashes – Color, Intensity and Contrast (Part 2)

Selecting the Right Color and Intensity Reflective Material to Make a Vehicle more Visible – (www.chevronpanels.com)

Author – Steven Cole – (contact number and email – 850-934-3157 or steve@reflectivestore.com)

If you have been researching collision reduction or making a vehicle more visible you have no doubt come across the word “conspicuity”.  As in conspicuity tape or conspicuity treatment.  Conspicuity is defined as the characteristics of an object influencing the probability that it will be detected by coming to the attention of an observer.  In other words, it is how easily something can be seen.  For example, a bright yellow Ferrari is more conspicuous than a black one.

When marking commercial vehicles the goal is to make them more visible or conspicuous to the human eye. Color and luminance contrast are two factors that affect conspicuity.  These factors are often what trigger recognition of an object.

The average human has an approximate 130 degree field of vision. Our central field of vision is where we see detail. Our central vision field makes up only 5% of the 130 degree field. Our periphery vision makes up the rest. Color alone is not sufficient to locate or distinguish objects in our peripheral field of vision.  To detect objects in this area we need contrast and luminance as well as color.

Luminescence Contrast

Luminescence is defined as the summed emission of visible light by an object, substance or material.  In other words it is how bright or vivid something is.  In this case we are interested in the visible light reflected from a surface to the human eye. The luminance of object depends on how much light strikes and object and how much is reflected.  (Some materials reflect more light than others.)  Luminance contrast is simply the difference in the brightness of two colors whether it be two colors side by side or one color in front of a dark or bright background.

The human eye distinguishes color and luminance through two types of photoreceptor cells. Cones and rods.  Cones are more concentrated at the center of the eye while rods are more towards the outside or periphery.  Cones distinguish color and detail.   Rods are more sensitive to changes in luminance or movement.  Rods require less light to function and are more efficient at night.  Cones give us our central vision (color and detail)  Rods give us our peripheral vision.

As you read this article, it is the cones in your eye that allow you to see the detail and contrast which is what allows you to see and read the words.  As you focus on the words you will notice that you are also taking information in from your peripheral vision. This information is coming from the rods in your eye. If while you are reading this sentence, something moves in your periphery, you will notice it.  Also, if there is a bright color that is out of the ordinary, you may see that as well. Try this.  Click on the yellow and red picture above to make is larger.   After you click on the image look 30 – 45 degrees to the right or left and focus on something besides the screen of your computer.  Notice how in your periphery vision you can still see the bright yellow and red graphic.

In the daytime, the color of an object determines how bright or luminous it is.  At night, with reflective sheeting, color and type both play a role in how visible the sheeting is. By type I mean the brightness of the reflective tape. (type 1, 2, 3, 5, 8)  For example, a prismatic reflective material (type 5 or above) will be about 5 times brighter than a standard engineer grade (type 1) material.  So at night, both color and type affect visibility.  Because of this, we recommend a prismatic tape over the less intense tapes.

Color

Color is determined by which wave lengths of light are reflected back to the human eye.  The wavelengths or combinations of wavelengths give us what we know as color or hue. Colors such as Fluorescent Lime/Yellow and Fluorescent Orange are considered to be the most conspicuous colors during the day and in low light conditions.

 Definition of Fluorescent – the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. It is a form of luminescence.  Fluorescence makes a color look as if it is glowing.

They are more conspicuous in both the primary and periphery field of vision. The main fluorescent colors are lime/yellow and orange.  Fluorescent lime is commonly seen in school zones and fluorescent orange is seen in work zones. Fluorescent colors are especially visible at twilight or dawn when the ultraviolet light from the sun is present in great proportions than in full sunlight.

Standard Red, Orange and Yellow are also conspicuous colors.  Red and Orange are useful as contrasting colors with  fluorescent lime or yellow being the alternating color.

Contrast

Brightness or Luminance is important but contrast is also needed for objects to be conspicuous.  If you sheeted the back of a truck with just fluorescent lime or standard yellow material you would certainly make it more noticeable.  However, by adding a contrasting color such as red or orange you greatly increase the trucks visibility in both the periphery and primary fields of vision.

Red is often used with fluorescent lime yellow as a contrast color and is very effective.  The most visible reflective panels would be red and fluorescent lime/yellow or orange and fluorescent lime/yellow.  It is difficult to say which is the most visible.  I would lean a little towards the lime/red because of the contrast. The picture below shows the three colors.

Fluorescent lime and red will give you a 3 to 1 contrast ratio.

Fluorescent lime and fluorescent orange will give you a 2 to 1 contrast ratio.

Fluorescent lime and standard orange will give you an approximate 2.5 to 1 ratio.

Reflective Fluorescent Lime and Orange. Along with Reflective Red.

Summary

For maximum visibility we recommend you use a fluorescent lime/yellow material and a red or fluorescent orange or standard orange contrasting material.  The chevron pattern is recommended but an alternating non slanting pattern is also effective.  A chevron pattern slants down and out at 45 degree angles which is normally going to be different from other lines on a vehicle and therefore more conspicuous.  However, there is no research that I know of that shows the chevron pattern to be superior to a simple alternating pattern.  The main considerations are the brightness of the tape and the contrast.

Alternating Non Slanting Panel
Alternating Non Slanting Red & Lime

Part Three of this series of articles will discuss the size of the panels, the type (slanted or non slanted) and the placement on the vehicle.

Reducing Accidents – Type & Placement of Panels (Part 3)

Collision Reduction – Commercial, Utility and Work Vehicles – Using Reflective High Visibility Panels

Author – Steven Cole – (contact number and email – 850-934-3157 or steve@reflectivestore.com) (Our online store – www.chevronpanels.com)

Studies in the US and overseas show that by using high visibility reflective sheeting, accidents can be reduced by as much as 41% on the high side and 15% on the low side.  The differences in effectiveness are going to be affected somewhat by the brightness, color,contrast, size, type and placement of the reflective treatment or panels.  These numbers apply to both rear end and side collisions.

In previous articles we have discussed the science of visibility or conspicuity and how to use high visibility reflective tapes or panels to reduce rear end collisions. We also discussed the most visible colors to use.  In this article I want to cover the  type  (design), size and placement of the reflective treatment so that the maximum benefit is achieved. In other words, what should your panels look like, how big should they be, and where should you place them?

Type of Reflective Panel to Use (Design)

There are several panel designs and color schemes that can be used to mark the rear, sides and fronts of vehicles to make them more visible.  As we discussed in part 2 of this series, a fluorescent lime yellow and either red or orange is a good choice for color combinations in that they provide contrast and are bright colors by themselves. The picture below shows the different configurations that panels can be made in.  There may be more but these are the main ones.

All three of the panels styles above will grab an observers attention.  The one with the words has the advantage of conveying a message at the same time. The bottom two are basic alternating color panels.  The middle is a non slanting design and the bottom is a slanting design also called a chevron pattern.  People choose the different designs for different reasons.  The chevron is chosen because it is unique and is often more conspicuous, however, since it is used on fire trucks it is often associated with that application.  Therefore, many companies or organizations will opt for the middle pattern or the message panel to differentiate their vehicles from fire trucks.

Reflective Panel Size

The NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) recommends that 50% of the rear of a fire truck be covered with reflective material in the form of a chevron pattern.  The minimum reflectivity would be a type 1 or engineer grade.  Also, any yellow or red is acceptable.

By using a highly visible prismatic material and using a fluorescent color a panels visibility factor increases substantially.  For example, a prismatic fluorescent lime yellow reflects at a rate of 420 candelas.  A standard yellow engineer grade reflects at about 70 candelas.  This makes the prismatic fluorescent 6 times more reflective at night.  Other research shows that the fluorescent lime/yellow is at least twice as visible in the daytime. It is felt that smaller, bright prismatic panels can do the job of much larger less reflective panels.  It is recommended that you use prismatic grade material especially if you want to cover only a small portion of a vehicle.  For non regulated vehicles the general rule is that you want to cover enough of the sides or rear of the vehicle to make it conspicuous without going overboard and creating a distraction.  The picture below shows the different sizes and configurations that reflective panels come in.

Reflective Panel Placement on the Vehicle

The last consideration is where to place the panels to gain maximum visibility and effectiveness.  The rear of the vehicle would be the first area to consider followed by the sides.  A stopped vehicle is most likely to get hit from the rear, however, side impacts for commercial vehicles are also common.  Panels should be placed as low as possible or near the same level as the hood of a typical passenger car.  Since panels are retro reflective and reflect light back to the light source, placing them too high can impede reflectivity.  If you pull up behind a large truck at night you will notice that as you get closer, the lower reflective tapes still reflect and the higher ones begin to dull out.   Just remember that light has to hit the tape from a cars head lights and then bounce back to the drivers eyes.  If you have a panel on the upper portion of a van then the headlights will not even be close to hitting that panel as the vehicle gets close. From far out it will not matter as much but at closer distances it will.  The picture in the chart below shows how this works.